337 Following his death, Constantine The Great was succeeded by his three sons born of his wife Fausta, Constantine II, Constantius II and Constans on September 9, 337. The Roman Empire was divided between the three Augusti. Constantine received Gaul, Britannia and Hispania, Constantius received Greece, Thrace, the Asian provinces and Egypt in the east and Constans the praetorian prefecture of Italy, which included Northern Africa.
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| (West to east): Constantine II, Constans I, Dalmatius and Constantius II |
1087 While on a punitive raid against the French, William I (The Conqueror)'s horse having just trodden on some burning cinders, reared. England's first Norman king fell and his saddle pommel was forced into his stomach. He was taken to the priory of Saint Gervase at Rouen, where he died on September 9, 1087. As he passed away, William commanded his soul to Mary, "that by her holy prayers she may reconcile me to her son, my Lord Jesus Christ".
1499 Vasco Da Gama's passage back to Lisbon after becoming the first European to reach India by sea was a constant battle against opposing winds, sickness and tiredness. His brother, Paulo da Gama, fell grievously ill and Da Gama elected to stay by his side at Cape Verde. They hitched a ride with a Guinea caravel returning to Portugal, but Paulo da Gama died en route. After burying his brother Vasco Da Gama eventually took passage on an Azorean caravel and finally arrived in Lisbon on September 9, 1499.
1513 King James IV of Scotland was killed, along with many of his nobles and common soldiers, at the disastrous Battle of Flodden on September 9, 1513. He was the last British king to die in battle. After being connected with the murder of his father King James III, James felt so guilty about his role in his father's death that for the rest of his life he wore an iron chain round his waist next to his skin.
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| An 1873 drawing of the battle |
1541 Beatriz de la Cueva de Alvarado was a Spanish noblewoman from Úbeda in Andalucia who was declared governor of the Spanish colony of Guatemala on September 9, 1541. She was the first female colonial governor in the New World, but died in a disaster two days after taking office.
1543 Mary Queen of Scots ascended to the throne when she was just 6 days old after her father, James V, died at the age of thirty. The 9-month-old Mary Stuart was crowned as Queen of Scotland in the Chapel Royal at Stirling Castle on September 9, 1543. A crimson velvet mantle, with a train furred with ermine, was fastened around her tiny neck, and a jeweled satin gown, with long hanging sleeves, enveloped the infant, who could sit up but not walk. The coronation was the talk of Europe.
1585 Cardinal Richelieu was born Armand du Plessis in Paris on September 9, 1585, to François du Plessis, seigneur de Richelieu, a soldier and courtier who served as the Grand Provost of France and his mother, Susanne de La Porte, was the daughter of a famous jurist. After Richelieu became King Louis XIII's chief minister in 1624 he was often known by the title of the King's "Chief Minister". As a result, he is sometimes said to be the world's first Prime Minister.
1776 On September 9, 1776 the Continental Congress formally declared the name of the new nation to be the "United States" of America. In a declaration delegates to the Continental Congress wrote; "That in all continental commissions, and other instruments, where, heretofore, the words 'United Colonies' have been used, the stile be altered for the future to the 'United States.'"
1776 It has been suggested that it was Thomas Paine who had proposed the name United States of America. However, in his popular book, Common Sense, Paine had used "United Colonies," "American States," and "Free and Independent States of America" but he never used the final form.
1791 The commissioners overseeing the construction of a new planned capital of the United States named it Washington, D.C on September 9, 1791, in honor of the country's first president George Washington. Washington, D.C. stands for Washington, District of Columbia, and it was established as the nation's capital to serve as a neutral and centrally located seat of government.
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| City of Washington 1833 |
1828 Leo Tolstoy was born at Yasnaya Polyana, a family estate in Russia on September 9, 1828 to Count Nikolai Ilyich Tolstoy, a veteran of the Patriotic War of 1812, and Countess Mariya Tolstaya (née Volkonskaya). In 1836 a tutor predicted literary fame for the young Leo. Leo's mother died when he was 6, after the birth of daughter Mary, and his father when he was 9. He was bought up by relatives (he finally went to live with his aunt in 1841) but Leo mainly had a happy childhood.
1850 San Diego was the first site visited by Europeans on what is now the West Coast of the United States. Upon landing in San Diego Bay in 1542, Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo claimed the area for Spain. The name "California" comes from a 16th century romance novel about a mythical island populated solely by black women warriors armed with gold weapons, ruled by a Queen named Calafia. California was admitted as the thirty-first US state on September 9, 1850.
1862 Charles Fey of San Francisco was born on September 9, 1862. He invented the first slot machine in 1894. Fey built the 4-11-44 in his basement the following year; it proved so successful at a local saloon that he soon quit his job and opened a factory to produce more units. In 1898 Fey built the Card Bell, the first three-reel automatic payout slot machine. The Card Bell had a handle that set the reels in motion when it was pushed down and playing card suitmarks that lined up to form poker hands.
1869 Stockwell Orphanage was an orphanage started by Charles Spurgeon, which opened on September 9, 1869 in London, and was originally for fatherless boys only. It began taking girls as well ten years later. At this point there were 500 children living there.
1890 Harland Sanders, also known as Colonel Sanders, was born on September 9, 1890. He learned how to cook when his father died and he became responsible for his younger siblings. Sanders took over a Shell filling station on US Route 25 just outside North Corbin, Kentucky, in 1930. He started to serve to travelers the recipes that he had learned as a youngster including fried chicken,. Saunders finalized in July 1940 his Kentucky Fried Chicken recipe with a secret blend of 11 herbs and spices.
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| Colonel Harland David Sanders Wikipedia Commons |
1892 American astronomer Edward Emerson Barnard discovered Amalthea, the third moon of Jupiter, on September 9, 1892 at Lick Observatory. It was the last natural satellite discovered by direct visual observation (as opposed to photographically) .
1893 When President Grover Cleveland married Frances Folsom in June 1886, the ceremony was the first and only presidential nuptials performed in the White House. At 21 years old, Frances Folsom Cleveland was the youngest First Lady. Their second child, Esther, was born on September 9, 1893, becoming the first and only baby born in the White House.
1911 The world's first scheduled airmail postal service started in the United Kingdom between the North London suburb of Hendon and Windsor, Berkshire, on September 9, 1911. It marked a significant milestone in the history of aviation and mail delivery, demonstrating the potential for using aircraft to transport mail over longer distances.
1914 The Canadian Automobile Machine Gun Brigade was the first fully mechanized Allied unit of the First World War. It was established on September 9, 1914 by Canadian Brigadier-General Raymond Brutinel, who initiated the program and was the unit's first commander. The army unit played a significant part in halting the major German offensive of March 1918.
1929 The second Pete the Pup was born on September 9, 1929. The American Staffordshire Terrier, Pete the Pup and second Pete, an offspring, was a character in the Little Rascals movies. Otherwise known as "Pete, the Dog With the Ring Around His Eye", or simply "Petey", he was well known for having a circled eye that was added on by Hollywood make-up artist Max Factor.
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| Pete the Pup in School's Out. |
1939 U Ottama died of hunger in Rangoon Hospital, Burma, on September 9, 1939, during a strike against British colonialism. The Burmese Theravada Buddhist monk had been imprisoned several times by the British colonial government for his anti-colonialist political activities. He is considered one of the national heroes of modern Myanmar.
1944 On September 9, 1944, the Fatherland Front, a coalition of leftist and communist parties, staged a coup with Soviet support, which resulted in the removal of Bulgaria's then-Prime Minister, Konstantin Muraviev, and the installation of a new government led by Kimon Georgiev. This event marked Bulgaria's transition from a pro-German government to one aligned with the Soviet Union and the Allied Powers towards the end of World War II.
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| Partisans entering Plovdiv, 9 September 1944 |
1947 On September 9, 1947, a failure in an early computer at Harvard University was traced to a moth trapped in a relay. This is said to be the origin of programming errors being called "bugs". Actually the term "bug" had long been used for inexplicable engineering defects but the Harvard moth was the first bug caused by a real bug.
1948 North Korea was founded on September 9, 1948 after Korea had been freed from Japanese occupation. The socialist Democratic People's Republic of Korea, backed by the Soviet Union was established in the north half of the peninsula. The U.S. set up a democracy in the southern half.
1956 On September 9, 1956 Elvis Presley made the first of three appearances on TV's Ed Sullivan Show. While Ed recovered from an auto accident, actor Charles Laughton introduced Elvis, who sang his forthcoming single "Love Me Tender." He was watched by an agog audience of approximately 60 million viewers—a record 82.6 percent of the television audience - instantly becoming the most famous 21-year-old in the world.
1965 When Hurricane Betsy made its second landfall near New Orleans on September 9, 1965, it left 76 dead and $1.42 billion in damages. The storm's erratic nature, coupled with its intensity and minimized preparation time contributed to making Betsy the first tropical cyclone in the Atlantic basin to accrue at least $1 billion in damages.
1969 The Official Languages Act of Canada came into force on September 9, 1969. This landmark piece of legislation aimed to ensure that English and French were given equal status in the federal government of Canada. It recognized Canada as a bilingual country and established language rights for both English and French speakers in various federal institutions and services.
1976 Mao Zedong died just after midnight, at 00:10, on September 9, 1976, at age 82. China's billion citizens were asked to stand for three minutes in silent tribute to their late leader, the greatest single act of mourning the world has ever seen. After three minutes sirens and factory whistles were let off all over the land. Mao was embalmed and his corpse was placed in a crystal sarcophagus to be displayed in a Mausoleum in Beijing.
2007 The Great Canon of the Yongle Era, an encyclopedia of the Chinese Ming dynasty, had 22,937 chapters in 10,000 volumes. More than 2,000 Chinese scholars worked on the book for five years before it was finished in 1410. The Great Canon of the Yongle Era held the record for the largest overall encyclopedia in the history of the world (written or not) until September 9, 2007 when Wikipedia surpassed it.
2015 Queen Elizabeth II became Britain's longest-reigning monarch on September 9, 2015 when she passed the record set by her great-great-grandmother Queen Victoria at 17:30 BST. At that moment, The Queen had reigned for 23,226 days (63 years and seven months), 16 hours and approximately 30 minutes.
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