301 According to tradition, Saint Marinus was a Christian stonemason who fled from the island of Rab in present-day Croatia to the Italian city of Rimini to escape religious persecution. In 301 AD, he founded a monastic community on Mount Titano, which is now the capital of San Marino. The community eventually grew into a republic, and San Marino declared its independence from the Roman Empire on September 3, 301 AD.
590 On September 3, 590 Benedictine monk Gregory was elected pope by the church leaders but he refused the office and fled from Rome. Gregory hid in the forest until he was found and was hauled back to the city where he reluctantly agreed to take the post. Gregory had no craving for the position and was so upset that he could barely speak. Gregory I (Gregory the Great).was the first monk to be elected pope and his elevation to the papacy marked a triumph for the Benedictine order.
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| Saint Gregory the Great by José de Ribera |
863 The Byzantine Empire decisively defeated an invading Arab army in the Battle of Lalakaon in Paphlagonia (modern northern Turkey) on September 3, 863. This meant that the main threats to the Byzantine borderlands were eliminated. The victory begun the era of Byzantine ascendancy, which would culminate in the great conquests of the 10th century.
1189 Richard I was crowned king of England in Westminster Abbey on September 3, 1189. The people, already influenced by Crusade fever (the Jews were seen as the historical enemies of Christ), were in the mood to beat up and kill as many Jews as they could find. Mobs throughout the country sought the Jews out and set their houses on fire. Soon there was a full-scale riot and five hundred Jews were slaughtered after they took refuge in York Castle whilst other riots occurred over the length and breadth of England.
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| Richard I being anointed during his coronation in Westminster Abbey |
1260 The battle of Ain Jalut was fought on September 3, 1260 in southeastern Galilee, between the Egyptian Mamluk army led by the Mamluk Sultan Qutuz and the Mongols. The battle marked the height of the extent of Mongol conquests, and was the first time a Mongol advance had ever been permanently beaten back in direct combat on the battlefield. The Mongols crushing defeat by Qutuz's forces is considered a historical turning point.
1651 The English Civil War ended when Parliament won the Battle of Worcester on September 3, 1651. It saw 28,000 men from Oliver Cromwell’s New Model Army defeat 14,000 royalist soldiers. Around one in ten of the adult male population was killed during the English Civil War- a higher proportion than during any other war Britain has taken part in.
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| Oliver Cromwell at the Battle of Worcester |
1658 Lord Protector of England Oliver Cromwell died peacefully in his bed at Whitehall Palace on September 3, 1658 of pneumonia. As he passed away, a storm swept over England tearing down trees and destroying belfries. His dying words were "it is not my design to drink or to sleep but my design is to make what haste I can to be gone.” The body of Cromwell was ritually executed 16 months later. Some of his personal possessions are now at Chequers, the Prime Minister's country retreat.
1660 The first wife of James II of England and VII of Scotland was Anne Hyde. A visibly pregnant Anne married James in an official but private marriage ceremony in London on September 3, 1660, following the restoration of the monarchy. James and Anne had eight children, but six died in early childhood. The two who survived to adulthood were Mary II of England and Queen Anne of Great Britain. Anne died from breast cancer in March 1671 aged 34.
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| Anne, painted by Lely about 1670 |
1675 37-year-old architect Christopher Wren married his childhood playmate, the 33-year-old Faith Coghill at London's Temple Church. Faith bore him two children, Christopher and Gilbert (who died in infancy in 1674) but she died of smallpox on September 3, 1675. Wren remarried Jane Fitzwilliam in 1677, but she died two years later of tuberculosis. He never married again.
1783 The Treaty of Paris was signed in Paris by representatives of King George III of Great Britain and representatives of the United States of America on September 3, 1783, officially ending hostilities in the American Revolutionary War.
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| Last page of Treaty |
1838 Abolitionist Frederick Douglass was born into slavery in Talbot County, Maryland. After escaping to freedom on September 3, 1838, he eventually became the first African American to hold high political office, as consul-general to the Republic of Haiti.
1856 Boston architect Louis Sullivan was born on September 3, 1856. Known as the "father of skyscrapers," his productive years began in 1880 when Sullivan became a partner in the firm Dankmar Adler. He designed buildings as many as ten stories high by using the new method of construction made possible by the use of special steel girders. Sullivan was particular known for his office buildings built in the early 1890s, including the 1891 Wainwright Building in St. Louis, Missouri.
1875 The modern game of polo is derived from Manipur, India, where the game was known as ' 'Pulu', a Tibetan word meaning "willow root." This referred to the wooden ball that was used, which was adopted by the sport in its slow spread to the west. British tea planters in India, who had observed the natives playing the game were so taken by it that they started playing themselves. The first official game of Polo in Argentina was played on September 3, 1875 after being introduced by British Ranchers.
1875 Ferdinand Porsche was born to German-speaking parents in Maffersdorf, northern Bohemia, part of the Austrian Empire at that time, and today part of the Czech Republic on September 3, 1875. As a young engineer, Ferdinand Porsche designed the first electric/gasoline hybrid, the System Lohner-Porsche vehicle in 1898. The German automotive engineer later created the Volkswagen Beetle and the early Porsche cars.
1878 One of the worst river disasters in history took place on September 3, 1878 on the River Thames, when the crowded pleasure boat Princess Alice crashed into the Bywell Castle killing over 640 people. It was the greatest loss of life of any British inland waterway shipping accident.
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| Recovering Bodies from the Wreck of the Princess Alice |
1895 Indiana Normal's Quarterback John Brallier became the first openly professional American football player on September 3, 1895, when he was paid $10 by manager David Berry, to play for the Latrobe Athletic Association. Brallier arrived in Latrobe the night before the game and practiced with the team under a street light. Latrobe went on to win the game with Brallier kicking two field goals for a final score of 12–0.
1901 The National Flag of Australia, a Blue Ensign augmented with the Commonwealth Star and the Southern Cross, flew for the first time atop the Royal Exhibition Building in Melbourne on September 3, 1901. The date is proclaimed as Australian National Flag Day.
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| Australian flag |
1925 USS Shenandoah, the United States' first American-built rigid airship, was destroyed on September 3, 1925 during its 57th flight. The airship was passing through an area of thunderstorms and turbulence over Ohio when it was caught in a violent updraft that carried it beyond the pressure limits of its gas bags. It was torn apart in the turbulence and crashed in several pieces near Caldwell, Ohio. Fourteen of her 42-man crew perished, including her commander, Zachary Lansdowne.
1944 Brussels was occupied by the Germans from May 17, 1940 until September 3, 1944 during World War II. The Germans, on the eve of their retreat, set fire to the Palais de Justice. As a result, the building's cupola, which dominated the whole city, collapsed. Much of the building was heavily damaged but it was repaired by 1947.
1950 Italian driver Giuseppe Farina became the first Formula One World Champion after winning the 1950 Italian Grand Prix on September 3, 1950. Farina was a very talented driver and he was known for his smooth and elegant style. He was also very experienced, having competed in Grand Prix racing since the 1930s (he'd been the Italian Champion in 1937, 1938 and 1939). Farina was a popular driver and he was known for his sense of humor.
1967 Until 1967, driving was done on the left-hand side on roads in Sweden. The conversion to right-hand was done on a weekday at 5 p.m. On September 3, 1967 all traffic stopped as the Swedes switched sides. The later time in the day was chosen out of concern that the drivers would have got up in the morning and been too sleepy to realize 'this' was the day of the changeover. The day was called Dagen H, the "H" standing for "Högertrafik", the Swedish word for "right traffic".
1971 Following Ottoman rule, Qatar became a British protectorate in the early 20th century until gaining independence on September 3, 1971. This date is now celebrated annually as Qatar National Day to commemorate the country's independence.
1992 The national flag of Slovakia was adopted by Slovakia's Constitution, which came into force on September 3, 1992. The flag consists of three horizontal stripes: white on top, followed by blue, and then red. These colors are common among many Slavic nations and are often associated with Slavic heritage.
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| Slovakia flag |
1999 New Zealander Jayne Bleackley gave birth to Joseph Robert on September 3, 1999, and Annie Jessica Joyce 208 days later, setting the record for the shortest interval between two children who weren't twins.
2000 On September 3, 2000, Pope John XXIII was declared "Blessed" alongside Pope Pius IX by Pope John Paul II; the penultimate step on the road to sainthood after a miracle of curing an ill woman was discovered. He was the first pope since Pope Pius X to receive this honor. Thirteen years later, Pope Francis approved Pope John XXIII for canonization without the traditional second miracle required. Instead, Francis based this decision on John XXIII's merits for the Second Vatican Council.
2012 Sun Myung Moon, the Korean founder of the Unification Church, died on the morning of September 3, 2012 at the age of 92. His death marked the end of his leadership of the Unification Church, which is also known as the Family Federation for World Peace and Unification or simply the Moonies, a religious movement he founded in the 1950s. Moon was a prominent figure in the religious world and attracted both followers and controversy during his lifetime.
2015 The shortest man on record, Chandra Bahadur Dangi, died aged 75 on September 3, 2015. A primordial dwarf from Nepal, he stood at just 54.6 cm (1 ft 9 1⁄2 in) shorter than five cans of Coke stacked on top of each other.
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