41 On January 24, 41 AD, Caligula was assassinated by a broad-based conspiracy. There is no evidence that Claudius had a direct hand in the assassination of his nephew, although it has been argued that he knew about the plot — particularly since he left the scene of the crime shortly before Caligula was murdered. After a night of negotiation, Claudius was accepted as Roman Emperor on January 25, 41 AD by the Senate as Caligula was being transported to his burial ground in his hearse.
1515 Francis I was crowned King of France in the Cathedral of Reims on January 25, 1515. Much of his reign was dominated by his conflict with the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V over the control of Italy. Despite such setbacks as his devastating defeat at the Battle of Pavia and subsequent imprisonment, he is remembered as a model Renaissance ruler, mainly on account of his patronage of writers and artists.
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| Bust of Claudius at the Naples National Archaeological Museum. By Marie-Lan Nguyen (2011) |
1515 Francis I was crowned King of France in the Cathedral of Reims on January 25, 1515. Much of his reign was dominated by his conflict with the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V over the control of Italy. Despite such setbacks as his devastating defeat at the Battle of Pavia and subsequent imprisonment, he is remembered as a model Renaissance ruler, mainly on account of his patronage of writers and artists.
1533 It was at Shrovetide 1526 that Henry VIII began pursuing Anne Boleyn. She refused to become the King's mistress, but began a correspondence with him, Henry proposed marriage to her sometime in 1527, while he sought a divorce from Catherine of Aragon. After some hesitation, she agreed. They married in secret on January 25, 1533 and Archbishop Cranmer blessed the marriage a few months later.
1554 Thomas Wyatt the Younger, a poet and courtier, gathered 4,000 men in Kent and begun a rebellion against Mary I of England. on January 25, 1554. The rebellion was a protest against Queen Mary I's proposed marriage to Philip II of Spain, a marriage that was deeply unpopular among the English population due to concerns about foreign influence. The uprising failed, with consequences for the rebels that ranged from death to forgiveness.
1554 On January 25, 1554, Jesuit missionaries José de Anchieta and Manoel da Nóbrega established a mission at São Paulo dos Campos de Piratininga, which grew to become the Brazilian city of São Paulo. The name of the city honors Saint Paul of Tarsus. Over the next two centuries, São Paulo grew from a poor and isolated village, into a center of interior colonial development.
1575 The geographical areas now designated as Angola where first first entered into contact with the Portuguese in the late 15th century. Angola became a Portuguese colony in 1491. Angola's capital Luanda was founded on January 25, 1575 with one hundred families of settlers and four hundred soldiers. Today approximately a third of the Angolans live in Luanda. It is the world's third most populous Portuguese-speaking city, behind only São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro.
1627 Irish chemist Robert Boyle was born at Lismore Castle, in County Waterford, Ireland on January 25, 1627. He was the seventh son (and fourteenth child) of Richard Boyle, Earl of Cork and Catherine Fenton. Boyle's father was said to be the richest man in Great Britain. Robert Boyle was the first chemist to collect a gas, and with Boyles's law in 1662, enunciated the law of the compressibility of gasses.
1712 Benjamin Franklin and his family lived in their rented home on Milk Street, Boston for the first six years of Benjamin's life. On January 25, 1712, they moved into a house at the corner of Union and Hanover Streets, which was about five times larger.
1743 German theologian Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi was born on January 25, 1743. Jacobi is credited with bringing the negative existentialist philosophy Nihilism to wider attention within the German philosophy scene in the late 18th century. The term itself existed beforehand, but Jacobi used it extensively in his critiques of certain philosophical systems like those of Spinoza and Kant.
1755 Moscow University was established on January 25, 1755. January 25th is celebrated as St. Tatiana's Day, the end of the first term of the traditional academic year for Russian students. It is followed by a two-week winter holiday.
1765 Port Egmont, the first British settlement in the Falkland Islands, was founded on January 25, 1765. It was established by a British expedition led by Commodore John Byron that left a vegetable garden. Port Egmont was named after the second Earl of Egmont, who was a prominent politician and notably served as First Lord of the Admiralty.
1783 William Colgate, founder of Colgate-Palmolive, was born on January 25, 1783. William Colgate started a candle, starch and soap making company on Dutch Street in New York City under the name of "William Colgate & Company" in 1806. Colgate became in 1896 the first company to manufacture toothpaste in a collapsible tube, similar to the tubes that had just been introduced for artist's oil colors.
1791 On January 25, 1791 the British Parliament passed the Constitutional Act, which split the old Province of Quebec into Upper Canada and Lower Canada. 76 years later, The British North America Act of 1867 instituted home rule for most of British North America and established French-speaking Quebec (the former Lower Canada) as one of the original provinces of the Dominion of Canada.
1794 On January 25, 1794, at the age 19, Elizabeth Ann Bayley married William Magee Seton, aged 25. William Seton was a wealthy businessman in the import trade. They had five children of their own; one of them. Elizabeth Ann Bayley Seton, became the first person born in what would become the United States to be canonized.
1796 The poet Robert Burns was born, the eldest son of a poor peasant tenant farmer on January 25, 1796 in Alloway, Scotland. His mother, Agnes Brown Burnes, earned extra cash making soft white cheese. She was a fine singer and knew many folk songs. Although poverty limited his formal education, Burns' father took pains that young Robert read widely, including Dryden, Milton and Shakespeare.
1839 Three years after Texas officially proclaimed independence from Mexico, President Mirabeau B. Lamar signed a bill making the current State of Texas flag, the flag of the Republic of Texas on January 25, 1839. The Republic of Texas lasted nine years, eleven months, and seventeen days before being incorporated into the United States in 1845.
1858 Felix Mendelssohn wrote The Wedding March in 1843 as part of his suite of incidental music for a production of Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream. The "Wedding March" is the backdrop for the climactic wedding scene in the play. Fifteen years later, The Wedding March was played at the marriage of Queen Victoria's daughter, Victoria, and Friedrich of Prussia on January 25, 1858, after which it became a popular wedding processional.
1871 William McKinley, the 25th president of the United States, married Ida Saxton on January 25, 1871, at the First Presbyterian Church in Canton, Ohio. They had two daughters who both died young. Mrs McKinley broke down under the loss of her two young daughters, developed epilepsy, and became totally dependent on her husband. Although an invalid the rest of her life, Ida kept busy with her hobby, crocheting slippers.
1897 Blues musician Blind Willie Johnson was born on January 25, 1897. Johnson was blinded as a boy, abused by his father, and died penniless from disease after sleeping bundled in wet newspaper in a burnt down house. A revival of interest in Johnson's music began following his inclusion on Harry Smith's Anthology of American Folk Music; Carl Sagan preserved his legacy by selecting one of his songs, "Dark Was the Night, Cold Was the Ground," for the Voyager Golden Record in 1977.
1898 On January 1, 1898, New York City annexed land from surrounding counties, creating the City of Greater New York. The four initial boroughs, Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, and The Bronx, were joined on January 25 by Staten Island to create the modern city.
1554 On January 25, 1554, Jesuit missionaries José de Anchieta and Manoel da Nóbrega established a mission at São Paulo dos Campos de Piratininga, which grew to become the Brazilian city of São Paulo. The name of the city honors Saint Paul of Tarsus. Over the next two centuries, São Paulo grew from a poor and isolated village, into a center of interior colonial development.
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| Founding of São Paulo, 1913 painting by Antonio Parreiras |
1575 The geographical areas now designated as Angola where first first entered into contact with the Portuguese in the late 15th century. Angola became a Portuguese colony in 1491. Angola's capital Luanda was founded on January 25, 1575 with one hundred families of settlers and four hundred soldiers. Today approximately a third of the Angolans live in Luanda. It is the world's third most populous Portuguese-speaking city, behind only São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro.
1627 Irish chemist Robert Boyle was born at Lismore Castle, in County Waterford, Ireland on January 25, 1627. He was the seventh son (and fourteenth child) of Richard Boyle, Earl of Cork and Catherine Fenton. Boyle's father was said to be the richest man in Great Britain. Robert Boyle was the first chemist to collect a gas, and with Boyles's law in 1662, enunciated the law of the compressibility of gasses.
1712 Benjamin Franklin and his family lived in their rented home on Milk Street, Boston for the first six years of Benjamin's life. On January 25, 1712, they moved into a house at the corner of Union and Hanover Streets, which was about five times larger.
1743 German theologian Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi was born on January 25, 1743. Jacobi is credited with bringing the negative existentialist philosophy Nihilism to wider attention within the German philosophy scene in the late 18th century. The term itself existed beforehand, but Jacobi used it extensively in his critiques of certain philosophical systems like those of Spinoza and Kant.
1755 Moscow University was established on January 25, 1755. January 25th is celebrated as St. Tatiana's Day, the end of the first term of the traditional academic year for Russian students. It is followed by a two-week winter holiday.
1765 Port Egmont, the first British settlement in the Falkland Islands, was founded on January 25, 1765. It was established by a British expedition led by Commodore John Byron that left a vegetable garden. Port Egmont was named after the second Earl of Egmont, who was a prominent politician and notably served as First Lord of the Admiralty.
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| Details from a map of Port Egmont in 1770 by Carrington Bowles |
1783 William Colgate, founder of Colgate-Palmolive, was born on January 25, 1783. William Colgate started a candle, starch and soap making company on Dutch Street in New York City under the name of "William Colgate & Company" in 1806. Colgate became in 1896 the first company to manufacture toothpaste in a collapsible tube, similar to the tubes that had just been introduced for artist's oil colors.
1791 On January 25, 1791 the British Parliament passed the Constitutional Act, which split the old Province of Quebec into Upper Canada and Lower Canada. 76 years later, The British North America Act of 1867 instituted home rule for most of British North America and established French-speaking Quebec (the former Lower Canada) as one of the original provinces of the Dominion of Canada.
1794 On January 25, 1794, at the age 19, Elizabeth Ann Bayley married William Magee Seton, aged 25. William Seton was a wealthy businessman in the import trade. They had five children of their own; one of them. Elizabeth Ann Bayley Seton, became the first person born in what would become the United States to be canonized.
1796 The poet Robert Burns was born, the eldest son of a poor peasant tenant farmer on January 25, 1796 in Alloway, Scotland. His mother, Agnes Brown Burnes, earned extra cash making soft white cheese. She was a fine singer and knew many folk songs. Although poverty limited his formal education, Burns' father took pains that young Robert read widely, including Dryden, Milton and Shakespeare.
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| The Burns Cottage in Alloway, Ayrshire. Wikipedia |
1839 Three years after Texas officially proclaimed independence from Mexico, President Mirabeau B. Lamar signed a bill making the current State of Texas flag, the flag of the Republic of Texas on January 25, 1839. The Republic of Texas lasted nine years, eleven months, and seventeen days before being incorporated into the United States in 1845.
1858 Felix Mendelssohn wrote The Wedding March in 1843 as part of his suite of incidental music for a production of Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream. The "Wedding March" is the backdrop for the climactic wedding scene in the play. Fifteen years later, The Wedding March was played at the marriage of Queen Victoria's daughter, Victoria, and Friedrich of Prussia on January 25, 1858, after which it became a popular wedding processional.
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| Queen Victoria, Prince Albert, and Victoria in the clothes they wore for the princess' wedding |
1871 William McKinley, the 25th president of the United States, married Ida Saxton on January 25, 1871, at the First Presbyterian Church in Canton, Ohio. They had two daughters who both died young. Mrs McKinley broke down under the loss of her two young daughters, developed epilepsy, and became totally dependent on her husband. Although an invalid the rest of her life, Ida kept busy with her hobby, crocheting slippers.
1897 Blues musician Blind Willie Johnson was born on January 25, 1897. Johnson was blinded as a boy, abused by his father, and died penniless from disease after sleeping bundled in wet newspaper in a burnt down house. A revival of interest in Johnson's music began following his inclusion on Harry Smith's Anthology of American Folk Music; Carl Sagan preserved his legacy by selecting one of his songs, "Dark Was the Night, Cold Was the Ground," for the Voyager Golden Record in 1977.
1898 On January 1, 1898, New York City annexed land from surrounding counties, creating the City of Greater New York. The four initial boroughs, Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, and The Bronx, were joined on January 25 by Staten Island to create the modern city.
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| New York City as seen from the heights of Staten Island |
1915 Alexander Graham Bell inaugurated the U.S. transcontinental telephone service on January 25, 1915. Calling from the AT&T head office at 15 Dey Street in New York City, he was heard by Thomas Watson at 333 Grant Avenue in San Francisco. Bell repeated his first ever words on the phone back in 1876, "Mr Watson, come here, I want to see you" as a joke.
1921 The term robot dates to January 25, 1921, the date when Czech playwright Karel Capek's science fiction play R.U.R (Rossum's Universal Robots) premiered. Čapek used 'roboti' a word from Czech that is connected with 'work' to describe artificial people made in a factory from synthetic organic matters. These robots rebelled leading to the collapse of society and the extinction of the human race.
1924 The first Winter Olympic Games begun at Chamonix, in the French Alps on January 25, 1924, in connection with the Paris Summer Olympic Games held three months later. 16 nations took part and the host country failed to win any gold medals. The 1924 event in Chamonix was run by the French Olympic Committee but only recognized by the International Olympic Committee as official Winter Olympics after they had finished.
1933 John Faulkner, the world’s oldest jockey, mounted his first professional ride in his teens and embarked on a career that would span an astonishing seven decades. Nicknamed "Old Whip," he witnessed the evolution of the sport firsthand, from the muddled tracks of the early 1800s to the grand spectacles of the Edwardian era. He rode his last race at the age of 74, a steeplechase in Abingdon, Oxfordshire, England. Faulkner died on January 25, 1933 aged 104 having fathered 32 children.
1944 Florence Li Tim Di of the neutral Portuguese colony of Macau near Hong Kong was the first woman to be ordained to the priesthood in the Anglican Communion on January 25, 1944. This was because the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong and of parts of China had made it impossible for Anglican priests to get to neutral Macau, where there was no resident Anglican priest. She resigned her licence (though not her priest's orders) after the end of the war.
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| Florence Li Tim Di Wikipedia |
1947 Four days after suffering a stroke, the mobster Al Capone died on January 25, 1947 at his mansion in Palm Island, Florida surrounded by his family. Within an hour of Al Capone’s death, Windham Thildrick, known throughout Florida as the mortician all the millionaires go to, drove his Cadillac up the drive to receive orders from the one-time King of the Underworld's three brothers for the finest funeral Miami Beach ever saw.
1957 The world's deadliest serial killer, Luis Cubillos, also known as La Bestia ("The Beast") was born January 25, 1957). He admitted to the rape, torture and murder of 147 young boys in Colombia in 1999 and was sentenced to 835 years in prison. Cubillos is suspected to have murdered many more.
1964 Nike was founded on January 25, 1964 by University of Oregon track athlete Phil Knight and his celebrated track and field coach Bill Bowerman. They were originally known as Blue Ribbon Sports and operated as a distributor for Japanese shoe maker Onitsuka Tiger (now ASICS), In 1971 Blue Ribbon decided it wanted a name change. They decided on their new name in honor of Nike, the Greek goddess of victory, either in war or in an athletic contest.
1964 The comedian Bill Cosby met his future wife, Camille Olivia Hanks, while he was performing stand-up in Washington, DC, in the early 1960s, and she was a student at the University of Maryland. They married on January 25, 1964. Bill and Camille had five children: four daughters and a son. All of Bill Cosby's children have names beginning with an E, to represent "excellence."
1971 Idi Amin seized power of Uganda in a military coup on January 25, 1971, while President Milton Obote was attending a Commonwealth summit meeting in Singapore. One week after the coup, Amin declared himself President of Uganda, Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces, Army Chief of Staff, and Chief of Air Staff.
1981 Alicia Augello Cook was born on January 25, 1981, in Hell's Kitchen, Manhattan, New York City, New York. She is known professionally as Alicia Keys. She is the only child of Teresa Augello, a paralegal and part-time actress, and Craig Cook, a flight attendant. Her mother is of half Italian and half English, Irish, and Scottish ancestry, and her father is of African American ancestry.
1985 The most expensive goat ever sold was an Angora buck worth $82,600 or £46,200. It was bred by Waitangi Angoras in New Zealand. No goat has ever broken that record, although there are rare breeds sold at a high cost recently in Australia and Pakistan.
1986 A week after suffering a stroke, the founder of Scientology, L. Ron Hubbard, died on January 25, 1986. The Church of Scientology maintains a California mansion, in hopes that Hubbard will live there when he's reincarnated.
1986 A week after suffering a stroke, the founder of Scientology, L. Ron Hubbard, died on January 25, 1986. The Church of Scientology maintains a California mansion, in hopes that Hubbard will live there when he's reincarnated.
1996 Convicted murderer Billy Bailey was the last person to be hanged in the USA. He was executed by the state of Delaware on January 25, 1996. Although the method of capital punishment in Delaware had been changed to lethal injection, he had the option of choosing to be hanged instead, which he selected.
2011 Unhappiness among many Egyptians with the autocratic rule of 30-year President Hosni Mubarak boiled over on January 25, 2011 when over 20,000 protesters entered the streets of Cairo protesting over Egypt's government. The protests continued for several weeks and hundreds were killed and/or wounded as both anti and pro-government demonstrators clashed. The diverse mass protest movement ultimately forced longtime president Hosni Mubarak from office.
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