202 BC After the Second Punic War broke out in 218 Hannibal Barca's army took the conflict to Italy by crossing the Alps with his African elephants. Hannibal occupied much of Italy for 15 years, but a Roman counter-invasion of North Africa forced him to return to Carthage, where he was decisively defeated by Scipio Africanus at the Battle of Zama on October 19, 202 BC.
1216 King John of England died at Trent Castle, Newark in the early hours of October 19, 1216 of dysentery, possibly after eating too much. According to some accounts the town’s folk of Lynn in Norfolk were so delighted at being awarded a handsome contract by the king, that they laid on a sumptuous feat in his honor, they rounded it off with his favorite dessert, peaches in cider. But he ate too much, suffered violent stomach pains and passed away a few days later.
1216 The nine-year-old Henry III became King of England on October 19, 1216. After Henry III became king, England was ruled by regents until he assumed formal control of his government in January 1227. Some contemporaries argued that he was legally still a minor until his 21st birthday the following year.
1469 The marriage of Ferdinand II of Aragon to Isabella I of Castile on October 19, 1469 paved the way to the unification of Aragon and Castile into a single country, Spain. Under Ferdinand and Isabella, Charles I, and Philip II, Spain became one of the most powerful empires in the world. The discoveries of Christopher Columbus made on behalf of Spain were followed by the conquest of most of Central and South America.
1512 In 1507 Martin Luther was sent by his Augustinian order to the University of Wittenburg to teach moral theology and the Bible. Five years later, on October 19, 1512, Luther was awarded his Doctor of Theology by the University of Wittenberg. Two days after Luther was awarded his Doctor of Theology, the Augustinian monk was received into the senate of the theological faculty of the University of Wittenberg. He spent the rest of his career in this position at the educational establishment.
1648 Boston shoemakers formed what is considered the first American trade union on October 19, 1648. "The Company of Shoomakers" was formed in response to complaints "by occasion of bad ware made by some of the trade" and their goal was to set a quality standard and eliminate the shoddy workmanship. The Massachusetts General Court prohibited them from offering charitable or educational programs, or from fixing prices or settling disputes.
1745 The Anglo-Irish satirist, essayist and cleric Jonathan Swift died on October 19, 1745 in Dublin.
The mental decay which Swift had always feared — "I shall be like that tree," he once said, "I shall die at the top" — became marked about 1738. Paralysis was followed by aphasia and acute pain, followed by a long period of apathy, during which he went a whole year without uttering a word. Finally death relieved him.
1781 The American Revolutionary War ended on October 19, 1781, with the British surrender after their decisive defeat at the Siege of Yorktown, Virginia. Representatives of British commander Lord Cornwallis handed over Cornwallis' sword at Yorktown and formally surrendered to George Washington and the comte de Rochambeau.
1796 On October 19, 1796 the Gazette published an article accusing Thomas Jefferson of carrying on an affair with his mixed race chambermaid Sarah “Sally” Hemings. The Gazette wrote they'd "heard the same subject freely spoken of in Virginia, and by Virginia Gentlemen." Jefferson himself never publicly denied this allegation.
1812 During the French invasion of Russia in September 1812, the Muscovites burned their city and fled, as Napoleon’s army was on their doorstep. One month after Napoleon Bonaparte’s huge invading force entered a burning and deserted Moscow, the starving French army was forced to begin a hasty retreat out of Russia on October 19, 1812. The French emperor and his hungry and cold army were nearly destroyed during their journey home by the freezing Russian winter.
1813 The Battle of Leipzig concluded on October 19, 1813 giving Napoleon Bonaparte one of his worst defeats. The battle involved about 600,000 soldiers, making it the largest battle before World War I. After defeat at the Battle of Leipzig, Napoleon was forced to abdicate without conditions and the victors exiled him to Elba.
1845 Tannhäuser, Richard Wagner's opera in three acts was based on two German legends: Tannhäuser, the legendary medieval German Minnesänger and poet, and the tale of the Wartburg Song Contest. A combination of music and stage drama, Tannhäuser was given a mixed reception at at its premiere at the Königliches Hoftheater, Dresden on October 19, 1845. The opera's continuous flow, rather than the standard series of arias and choruses, perplexed many in the audience.
1959 The first discothèque the Scotch Club, opened on October 19, 1959 in Aachen, Germany. The first song played by DJ Heinrich was the chart hit "Ein Schiff wird kommen" by Lale Andersen. The word “discotheque” is an adaptation of “bibliotheque” meaning "a library." It originally was meant to convey the idea of a "record library" but evolved to mean "a place for dancing to records".
1985 The first Blockbuster video-rental store opened, in Dallas, Texas on October 19, 1985 and by 1989, a new blockbuster store was opening in the United States every 17 hours. At its peak in 2004, Blockbuster employed 84,300 people worldwide and had 9,094 stores in total, with more than 4,500 of these in the US. Blockbuster began to lose significant revenue during the 2000s, and the company filed for bankruptcy on September 23, 2010.
1986 The President of Mozambique Samora Machel and 43 others were killed on October 19, 1986 when his presidential aircraft crashed in the Lebombo Mountains just inside the border of South Africa. . Machel was a charismatic and visionary leader who had played a key role in Mozambique's independence struggle and in its early years of independence.
1987 The Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) fell exactly 508 points to 1,738.74 (22.61%) on October 19, 1987, the biggest percentage decline in its history, as stock markets around the world crashed. It initially continued its plunge on the 20th. The markets rallied sharply in the afternoon when the Dow posted its first triple-digit gain in its history.
2014 Pope Paul VI was beatified on October 19, 2014 at Saint Peter's Square, Vatican City, by Pope Francis after the recognition of a miracle attributed to his intercession. His liturgical feast is celebrated on the date of his birth on September 26.
2017 The asteroid Oumuamua is the first known interstellar object to pass through the Solar System. It was discovered on a highly eccentric hyperbolic trajectory by Robert Weryk on October 19, 2017, 40 days after turning around the Sun. The first observations were made by the Pan-STARRS telescope when the object was 30,000,000 km; (19,000,000 mi) from Earth.
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| The Battle of Zama by Henri-Paul Motte, 1890 |
1216 King John of England died at Trent Castle, Newark in the early hours of October 19, 1216 of dysentery, possibly after eating too much. According to some accounts the town’s folk of Lynn in Norfolk were so delighted at being awarded a handsome contract by the king, that they laid on a sumptuous feat in his honor, they rounded it off with his favorite dessert, peaches in cider. But he ate too much, suffered violent stomach pains and passed away a few days later.
1216 The nine-year-old Henry III became King of England on October 19, 1216. After Henry III became king, England was ruled by regents until he assumed formal control of his government in January 1227. Some contemporaries argued that he was legally still a minor until his 21st birthday the following year.
1469 The marriage of Ferdinand II of Aragon to Isabella I of Castile on October 19, 1469 paved the way to the unification of Aragon and Castile into a single country, Spain. Under Ferdinand and Isabella, Charles I, and Philip II, Spain became one of the most powerful empires in the world. The discoveries of Christopher Columbus made on behalf of Spain were followed by the conquest of most of Central and South America.
 |
| Christopher Columbus meets Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon |
1512 In 1507 Martin Luther was sent by his Augustinian order to the University of Wittenburg to teach moral theology and the Bible. Five years later, on October 19, 1512, Luther was awarded his Doctor of Theology by the University of Wittenberg. Two days after Luther was awarded his Doctor of Theology, the Augustinian monk was received into the senate of the theological faculty of the University of Wittenberg. He spent the rest of his career in this position at the educational establishment.
1648 Boston shoemakers formed what is considered the first American trade union on October 19, 1648. "The Company of Shoomakers" was formed in response to complaints "by occasion of bad ware made by some of the trade" and their goal was to set a quality standard and eliminate the shoddy workmanship. The Massachusetts General Court prohibited them from offering charitable or educational programs, or from fixing prices or settling disputes.
1745 The Anglo-Irish satirist, essayist and cleric Jonathan Swift died on October 19, 1745 in Dublin.
The mental decay which Swift had always feared — "I shall be like that tree," he once said, "I shall die at the top" — became marked about 1738. Paralysis was followed by aphasia and acute pain, followed by a long period of apathy, during which he went a whole year without uttering a word. Finally death relieved him.
1781 The American Revolutionary War ended on October 19, 1781, with the British surrender after their decisive defeat at the Siege of Yorktown, Virginia. Representatives of British commander Lord Cornwallis handed over Cornwallis' sword at Yorktown and formally surrendered to George Washington and the comte de Rochambeau.
 |
| Surrender of Lord Cornwallis by John Trumbull |
1796 On October 19, 1796 the Gazette published an article accusing Thomas Jefferson of carrying on an affair with his mixed race chambermaid Sarah “Sally” Hemings. The Gazette wrote they'd "heard the same subject freely spoken of in Virginia, and by Virginia Gentlemen." Jefferson himself never publicly denied this allegation.
1812 During the French invasion of Russia in September 1812, the Muscovites burned their city and fled, as Napoleon’s army was on their doorstep. One month after Napoleon Bonaparte’s huge invading force entered a burning and deserted Moscow, the starving French army was forced to begin a hasty retreat out of Russia on October 19, 1812. The French emperor and his hungry and cold army were nearly destroyed during their journey home by the freezing Russian winter.
1813 The Battle of Leipzig concluded on October 19, 1813 giving Napoleon Bonaparte one of his worst defeats. The battle involved about 600,000 soldiers, making it the largest battle before World War I. After defeat at the Battle of Leipzig, Napoleon was forced to abdicate without conditions and the victors exiled him to Elba.
 |
| The Battle of Leipzig by A.I. Zauerweid |
1845 Tannhäuser, Richard Wagner's opera in three acts was based on two German legends: Tannhäuser, the legendary medieval German Minnesänger and poet, and the tale of the Wartburg Song Contest. A combination of music and stage drama, Tannhäuser was given a mixed reception at at its premiere at the Königliches Hoftheater, Dresden on October 19, 1845. The opera's continuous flow, rather than the standard series of arias and choruses, perplexed many in the audience.
1847 Charlotte Brontë's novel Jane Eyre was published on October 19, 1847. She wrote using the pen name "Currer Bell." The plucky, plain downtrodden Jane was partly based on Charlotte's own experiences and Rochester supposedly on Lord Byron. Charlotte was widely acclaimed straight away for Jane Eyre and within a few years Brontë mania had started and people were flocking to Haworth.
1851 Marie-Thérèse Charlotte of France, the eldest child of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, and their only offspring to reach adulthood, died on October 19, 1851. Marie Thérèse was allowed to leave France once the Terror was over, on the eve of her seventeenth birthday, She was exchanged for some prominent French prisoners and taken to Vienna, her mother's birthplace. After her marriage to her cousin, Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême, the eldest son of the future Charles X, she was known as the Duchess of Angoulême.
1917 On October 19, 1917, two Salvation Army volunteers (Ensign Margaret Sheldon and Adjutant Helen Purviance) started serving doughnuts to American soldiers, serving in World War 1. These were an instant hit and the women who did this work became known by the servicemen as "Doughnut Dollies".
1937 New Zealand-English physicist and chemist Ernest Rutherford had a small hernia, which he had neglected to have fixed. It eventually became strangulated, causing him to be violently ill. Four days after an emergency operation in London, the father of nuclear physics died on October 19, 1937 of what physicians termed "intestinal paralysis", at Cambridge.
1943 Albert Schatz, a graduate student, first isolated Streptomycin, a bacterial antibiotic produced by the soil actinomycete. in the laboratory of Dr. Selman Abraham Waksman at Rutgers University, New Jersey on October 19, 1943. The antibiotic was the first effective treatment which could be used against tuberculosis.
1944 Marlon Brando made his debut on the boards of Broadway on October 19, 1944, in I Remember Mama playing the son of Mady Christians. It was a huge success. In 1946 Brando's first major Broadway part as an anguished veteran in Truckline Café garnered attention for an unusually intense performance which presaged his later work on A Streetcar Named Desire. New York Drama Critics voted him "Most Promising Young Actor" for the role.
1917 On October 19, 1917, two Salvation Army volunteers (Ensign Margaret Sheldon and Adjutant Helen Purviance) started serving doughnuts to American soldiers, serving in World War 1. These were an instant hit and the women who did this work became known by the servicemen as "Doughnut Dollies".
 |
| Salvation Army volunteers serving baked goods |
1937 New Zealand-English physicist and chemist Ernest Rutherford had a small hernia, which he had neglected to have fixed. It eventually became strangulated, causing him to be violently ill. Four days after an emergency operation in London, the father of nuclear physics died on October 19, 1937 of what physicians termed "intestinal paralysis", at Cambridge.
1943 Albert Schatz, a graduate student, first isolated Streptomycin, a bacterial antibiotic produced by the soil actinomycete. in the laboratory of Dr. Selman Abraham Waksman at Rutgers University, New Jersey on October 19, 1943. The antibiotic was the first effective treatment which could be used against tuberculosis.
1944 Marlon Brando made his debut on the boards of Broadway on October 19, 1944, in I Remember Mama playing the son of Mady Christians. It was a huge success. In 1946 Brando's first major Broadway part as an anguished veteran in Truckline Café garnered attention for an unusually intense performance which presaged his later work on A Streetcar Named Desire. New York Drama Critics voted him "Most Promising Young Actor" for the role.
1959 The first discothèque the Scotch Club, opened on October 19, 1959 in Aachen, Germany. The first song played by DJ Heinrich was the chart hit "Ein Schiff wird kommen" by Lale Andersen. The word “discotheque” is an adaptation of “bibliotheque” meaning "a library." It originally was meant to convey the idea of a "record library" but evolved to mean "a place for dancing to records".
1985 The first Blockbuster video-rental store opened, in Dallas, Texas on October 19, 1985 and by 1989, a new blockbuster store was opening in the United States every 17 hours. At its peak in 2004, Blockbuster employed 84,300 people worldwide and had 9,094 stores in total, with more than 4,500 of these in the US. Blockbuster began to lose significant revenue during the 2000s, and the company filed for bankruptcy on September 23, 2010.
 |
| A Blockbuster store in Durham, North Carolina By Ildar Sagdejev (Specious) |
1986 The President of Mozambique Samora Machel and 43 others were killed on October 19, 1986 when his presidential aircraft crashed in the Lebombo Mountains just inside the border of South Africa. . Machel was a charismatic and visionary leader who had played a key role in Mozambique's independence struggle and in its early years of independence.
2014 Pope Paul VI was beatified on October 19, 2014 at Saint Peter's Square, Vatican City, by Pope Francis after the recognition of a miracle attributed to his intercession. His liturgical feast is celebrated on the date of his birth on September 26.
2017 The asteroid Oumuamua is the first known interstellar object to pass through the Solar System. It was discovered on a highly eccentric hyperbolic trajectory by Robert Weryk on October 19, 2017, 40 days after turning around the Sun. The first observations were made by the Pan-STARRS telescope when the object was 30,000,000 km; (19,000,000 mi) from Earth.
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